SHIKHAR MAINS 2022 - DAY 16 Model Answer English
Q1. नैनो प्रौद्योगिकी से आप क्या समझते हैं? नैनो प्रौद्योगिकी के अनुप्रयोगों का उल्लेख करते हुए, इस प्रौद्योगिकी से संबंधित चिंताओं की चर्चा कीजिए।
What do you understand about nanotechnology? Mentioning the applications of nanotechnology, discuss the concerns related to this technology.
Approach-
• First, give a brief introduction to nanotechnology.
• Then, mention the applications of nanotechnology.
• Then also discuss the concerns related to this technology.
• At the end, conclude the answer by writing a conclusion in one or two lines.
Answer-
The word is derived from Nano and Tech which means "fine" meaning one billionth of a meter. It is the branch of science that deals with the study of matter at the atomic or molecular level. Nanotechnology is a combination of chemistry and technology in which the technology of combining atoms at the Nanometre level is studied.
Applications of Nanotechnology:
• In the field of medicine: It is possible to treat cancer. With this, such a microscopic drug can be made, which can identify any one of the millions of cancer cells and treat it separately. As Nano Gold.
• In the field of Biotechnology: DNA nanochip, use of protein DNA RNA in clinical trials, etc.
• In the computing and electronics sector: Nanotechnology is being used in our computers and electronic devices for a long time, for example Silicon is used to make computer circuits and processors, which is a semiconductor. Quantum computing, nano chip, quantum dot technology. In the coming time, this technology will also be used in bulbs, due to which the consumption of electricity will also be less and the light will also be more.
• In consumer product: Potential in Nano Filter, Nano Fabric, Nano Shampoo, Glasses, Facewash etc.
• In the field of defence: In border areas, nano robots can be used to make nano-composite-fighting aircraft.
• In the space science field: NASA's prospects for building a lighter spacecraft.
• In the field of agriculture: Nanotechnology can be used to make manure, which can increase the production of the crop.
By understanding the molecular assembly of any substance in nanotechnology, its size can be made as small as the size of your hair and its processing capacity will also be many times better than today.
Tennis balls are also made from nanocomposite cores so that they have a higher bounce and are more durable than balls made from older technology. Nano particles are used in packaging such as cartons of milk, so that the milk remains fresh for a longer time in a plastic bag. These are some examples of things that we use in our daily life.
Negative aspects or concerns related to nanotechnology:
• Environmental Pollution: Fine particles can move rapidly from one place to another, due to which there is a greater possibility of pollution. Biological Concentrations/Biological Magnification: Concerns about adverse effects on the environment as well as health by entering the food chain or food chain.
• Adverse effects on health: The possibility of cell damage by any type of radical in the human body and the risk of cancer is also a concern.
• Security related threats: Nano-weapons such as anthrax virus, possibilities and concerns of use by the enemy country. Use of government intelligence information such as the use of nano sensors by cybercriminals is possible.
There are long-term concerns such as the economic impact on society, such as growing economic inequalities between developed and developing nations and the economy going into a post-depressant state. However, despite these concerns, there is a huge investment potential in this technology. In the future, there will be no sector that will not use nanotechnology. Technical experts believe that the coming time will be of nanotechnology.
Q2. जैव-विविधता के महत्त्व को बताते हुए, अभ्यारण्य, राष्ट्रीय पार्क एवं जैव मंडल रिजर्व के मध्य अंतर को स्पष्ट कीजिये।
While explaining the importance of biodiversity, differentiate between Sanctuary, National Park and Biosphere Reserve.
Approach-
• Define role in biodiversity.
• State the importance of biodiversity in the first part.
• In the second part, explain the difference between sanctuary, national park and biosphere reserve.
• Lastly, conclude the answer by stating the importance of conservation of biodiversity.
Answer -
Biodiversity is the variation found between organisms and also includes the diversity of different species within a particular species and their ecosystems. Biodiversity is of three types namely; Genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. The genetic (gene based) variation found in a species is known as genetic diversity. This genetic diversity is the result of different types of adaptations of organisms in different habitats. The diversity found in species is known as species diversity. Ecosystem diversity is the variation in the ecosystems found on Earth in which species live. Ecosystem diversity is reflected in diverse bio-geographical areas such as lakes, deserts, estuaries, etc. Species diversity is essential for any particular community or ecosystem to function properly.
Importance of Biodiversity:
• Biodiversity meets the needs of food, clothing, wood, fuel and fodder.
• Biodiversity helps in increasing agricultural yields as well as developing disease resistant and pest resistant crop varieties.
• Botanical biodiversity also meets medicinal needs.
• Biodiversity helps in the disposal of environmental pollution. The breakdown and absorption of pollutants are characteristic of some plants.
• Forest ecosystems rich in biodiversity are major absorbers of carbon dioxide.
• Along with the formation of bio-diverse soil, it also helps in its conservation. Biodiversity improves soil structure, increases water holding capacity and nutrient content.
• Botanical biodiversity promotes water seepage into the soil, thereby maintaining the ground water table.
• Bio-diversity maintains ecological balance by providing stability to the ecosystem.
• The microbial diversity of the soil releases the nutrients into the soil by decomposing the dead plant parts and dead animals, from which these nutrients are again available to the plants. Thus, it becomes clear that biodiversity has an important place in human life. Human life on earth is impossible without biodiversity.
Difference between Sanctuary, National Park and Biosphere Reserve:
Sanctuary:
• Special species are established for conservation, such as Keoladeo (for Siberian Crane), Vikramshila (for Gangetic Dolphin), Gahirmatha (for conservation of Olive Ridley Turtle).
• Limited human intervention is allowed for local residents in sanctuaries.
• Generally, tourism is allowed in sanctuaries.
• Notification for setting up these can be done by both the State and Central Government. It is to be noted that the notification of the sanctuaries to be established in the Union Territories is issued by the Central Government.
National Park:
• National Parks are established for the protection of an endangered species.
• It is in a way the most protected area; however, tourism is allowed here as well.
• There are restrictions on economic activities in national parks.
• Core and buffer zones are created in national parks. The core area is generally inhabited by the species for which national parks are established.
• Human population is not allowed in the core area of the national park but population is allowed in the transition zone.
• The establishment of National Parks is mainly notified by the Central Government; however, State Governments can also issue notifications.
Biosphere Reserve:
· Biosphere reserves are established for the protection of terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems and special gene pools.
· The MAB program by UNESCO which was started from 1971, the biosphere reserve is established under this program.
· The biosphere reserve consists of core zone, buffer zone and transition zone. Scientific studies, conservation and biodiversity management are carried out in the core area, while training, education, research, monitoring and public awareness programs are conducted in the buffer zone.
· Permission is required to go to the core area; however, this permission is available only in the National Park and Sanctuary area of the Biosphere Reserve.
· The establishment of Biosphere Reserve can be notified only by the Central Government.
Thus, it becomes clear that there are many differences between a sanctuary, a national park and a biosphere reserve. However, all these efforts are aimed at the conservation of biodiversity. Due to climate change, the rate of loss of biodiversity is increasing. Hence there is a need for such protection measures. The Government of India has made clear its commitment in this regard by establishing many sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere reserves.
