SHIKHAR MAINS 2022 - DAY 3 Model Answer English
Q1: भारत में लौह और इस्पात उद्योग के वितरण को प्रभावित करने वाले कौन-कौन से कारक उत्तरदायी हैं? चर्चा कीजिए।
What are the factors affecting the distribution of iron and steel industry in India? Discuss.Approach-
· Briefly explain the importance of iron and steel, write a role.
· Write the factors affecting the distribution of iron and steel industry.
· Briefly write the conclusion mentioning the policy and goal of the government.
Answer -
Iron and steel industries play an important role for rapid industrial development. Almost all the sectors of Indian industry depend on iron and steel industry for their infrastructure. Growth in the Indian steel sector is driven by domestic availability of raw materials such as iron ore and cost-effective labour. As a result , The steel sector has been a major contributor to India's manufacturing output.
Factors affecting the distribution of iron and steel industry in India-
· Availability of Raw Materials- The raw materials used by this industry include iron-ore, coking coal, limestone, dolomite, manganese and fire clay. For example, India is the second largest coal producing country in the world by 2021. Concentration of iron and steel industries in Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Jharkhand and parts of West Bengal.
· Availability of infrastructure like transportation and power supply – Major iron and steel plants are located in areas connected by railway lines and ports. As the TISCO plant is very close to the Mumbai-Kolkata railway line, the nearest port for export of steel from here is Kolkata.
· Due to dependence on imported ore, some iron and steel plants are located on the coastal areas, which reduces the cost of freight. Like iron and steel plants like Visakhapatnam, Ratnagiri, Mangalore.
· Availability of power- Without power it is not possible to perform the work of machinery. Most of the iron and steel industries were established in areas with hydroelectric potential like , TISCO near Subarnarekha River, IISCO near barakar river etc.
· Access to Market – Markets provide space for manufactured products. apart from this , The end product of this industry is heavy and if not accessible in the market then the cost of transportation adds to the overall cost.
· Availability of labor- Skilled/semi-skilled manual labor is required for the operation of any industries. The labor force in India is more dynamic. And with more population, there is more labor.
· Industrial Policy- India aims at balanced regional development. The purpose of establishing iron and steel industries in Bhilai and Rourkela was to develop backward areas.
At present, the government has taken several steps to promote this sector. Like National Steel Policy 2017, 100% FDI in steel sector is allowed through automatic route.
According to data released by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), between April 2000 and June 2021, Indian metallurgical industries attracted an FDI inflow of US$16.0 billion.
The government's National Steel Policy 2017 aims to increase per capita steel consumption to 160 kg by 2030-31. The government has also promoted the policy which provides for value addition of minimum 15% in notified steel products covered under preferential purchase.
Q2: महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन सिद्धांत और प्लेट विवर्तनिकी की अवधारणा की व्याख्या कीजिए।
Explain continental drift theory and the concept of plate tectonics.
Approach-
· In introduction write about the dynamic changes in earth’s crust.
· Explain continental drift theory, and give evidence in its favour.
· Briefly write the criticism of continental theory.
· Finally, conclude the answer by explaining the concept of plate tectonic theory.
Answer:
Continental drift theory and the concept of plate tectonics are based on the explanation of changes in landform. The surface of the earth is dynamic. Endogenous and exogenous geology are believed to be responsible for the changes taking place on the earth's surface.
Theory of Continental Drift - Through this theory presented in 1912, Wegener wanted to explain climate change in geologic history. Through this theory, it was told that all the continents were part of a single land, which was surrounded by a wide ocean. The big continent was named Pangea and the ocean was named Panthalassa.
Forces Responsible for Continental Flow- Centripetal Force for Equatorial Flow and Tidal Force for Westward Flow.
Evidence in favour of continental drift
Geomorphology of ocean coasts (Jig saw fit) - connecting South America and Africa.
Similarities in age and composition of rocks across oceans – e,g, mountainous regions of Brazil-West Africa , Eastern mountain region of North America and Western Europe , Appalachian Mountains and Scandinavian Mountains
Distribution of Fossils - Evidence of fossils of a reptile species named Mesosaurus found in South America, Africa. Fossils of flora called Glasopatris have been found in both peninsular India and Antarctica. Evidence of a creature called Lemur, whose fossils were found in India, Madagascar and Africa.
Evidence of glacial deposits Present-day tropical regions such as peninsular India, Africa, and Australia once had the presence of glaciers, evidence found in Africa, India, Australia and South America.
Coal deposits - Coal deposits in Africa, Brazil and Western Europe , Coal deposits found in the Indian peninsula and other continents.
Placer deposits - evidence of gold deposits found in Brazil and gold deposits of Ghana.
Criticism
· The Jigsaw fit has also been criticized. Somewhere there is a difference of up to 200 km between the two beaches. It is between the coast of Brazil and Guinea.
· The idea that continents are drifting north and west is a fallacy.
· The oceanic intermediates could not explain the position of the ridge.
· If Sial is in a floating position above the boundary, then how can the Rocky and Andes originate from the blockage of the ocean floor? Couldn't explain it.
Plate tectonics theory
The word plate was first used in 1965 by Tujo Wilson.
A concept was introduced by McKenzie, Parker and Morgan which later became popular as plate tectonic theory.
In this theory, the work of extending and broadening the ocean floor theory was done. According to this, the Earth's crust is divided into various smaller plates that are moving.
In the convergence zone of the plates, a plate of higher density is projected under a plate of lower density; As a result, pits are formed.
Earth's lithosphere is dependent on 7 major plates and some Gaur plates. Such as Pacific Plate,North America Plate,South America Plate,Eurasian Plate,Africa Plate,Antarctic Plate.
The movement of plates occurs through the difference in the density of the plates, the force of gravity and convective waves.
The plates form three types of boundaries as a result of transmission -
Divergent boundary: When two plates are displaced from each other in opposite direction and new crust is formed then they are called divergent plate or constructive boundary. , such as the mid-Atlantic ridge.
Convergent boundary: When one plate is subducted under another plate, the crust is destroyed by this deposition, this type of boundary is called convergent boundary or destructive boundary.
Transform boundary: Where the crust is neither formed nor destroyed and the plates move in a direction relative to each other, they are called metamorphic limits.
