SHIKHAR MAINS 2022- DAY 32 Model Answer English

Q1. असहयोग आंदोलन के कारणों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिये । साथ ही इसकी प्रकृति पर टिप्पणी कीजिये ।

Briefly discuss the causes of non-cooperation movement. Also comment on its nature.

Approach:

·        In introduction provide a brief background of the non-cooperation movement.

·        Discuss the reasons for the movement in detail. 

·        Discuss the features of non-cooperation movement and explain its nature.

·        Conclusion can be written by discussing its future effects.

Answer:

         Between 1919 and 1922, the Indian national movement entered a new phase, that is, mass politics and mass mobilization. The British rule was opposed in the form of non-cooperation movement in which the policy of non-violent struggle was adopted at the national level.

Causes of non-cooperation movement-

·        World War I: India was forcibly included in the war. Also, the movement was inspired by the post-war economic situation. After the First World War, the middle class and lower-class people living in towns and cities were affected by acute shortage of food grains, inflation, low industrial production, burden of taxes. Such circumstances strengthened the anti-British sentiments in the minds of the people.

·        The anti-Rowlett Act movement had affected the entire population equally, due to which Hindus and Muslims grew closer and  anti-British sentiments were displayed strongly.

·        Events like the Martial Law in Punjab and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre exposed the brutal character of British rule.

·        The justification of the actions of General Dyer by the British Parliament and the recommendations of the Hunter Commission opened everyone's eyes.

·        Nationalists hoping for responsible government in 1919 were deeply disappointed by the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.

·        The issue of Khilafat: The Muslims in India started the Khilafat movement to restore the Caliphate in Turkey. Despite emerging from different issues, both the movements adopted a similar plan of action.

Nature of non-cooperation movement

·        In December 1920, in the Nagpur session of the Congress, a resolution related to the non-cooperation movement was passed, in which instead of achieving self-government through constitutional and statutory methods, the goal was to achieve Swaraj through non-violent methods.

·        Some organizational changes were made in the Congress. A 15-member working committee was formed. All India, provincial committees were also formed.

·        Government educational institutions were boycotted.

·        Boycott of courts and Panchayati courts were used to settle the disputes.

·        Boycott of Legislative Councils: Elections to Legislative Councils were held in November 1920 and all Congress candidates boycotted the elections. Most of the voters also did not participate in these elections.

·        Boycott of foreign goods and promoting the use of Khadi in its place. Spinning of charkha was encouraged.

·        Relinquishment of official titles and unpaid posts.

Seeing the impact of this movement, Gandhiji had said that if the movement was carried out according to these programmes, then the goal of Swaraj would be achieved in one year. This movement gave a new direction to the Indian independence movement as well as played an important role in Hindu-Muslim unity.

Q2.   प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के कारणों  की व्याख्या कीजिये। इस युद्ध के पश्चात शांति स्थापित करने के लिए उठाए गए कदमों पर चर्चा कीजिए। 

Explain the causes of the First World War. Discuss the steps taken to establish peace after the war.

Approach:

• Introduce the role of the First World War.
• Explain its main reasons in the second part of the answer.
• Write the post-war peace efforts in the third part of the answer.
• At the end of the answer, conclude the answer by writing a conclusion.

 Answer:

           The First World War started in 1914 and lasted till 1918. In this war, the Allies included Britain, France, Italy, Russia and America on one side and Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the other side. In which the Allies were victorious.

Reasons behind First World War-

• Competition in Colonies: After unification Germany and Italy emerged as a great power and they needed colonies. The creation of new factions intensified the Russian imperial rivalry.
• Question of prestige: Germany infringed territorial integrity of France by taking the region of Alsace-Lorraine from France. France did not want to prove itself weak. In addition, differences over prestige between Russia and Austria continued.
• Factionalism: Austria, Germany and Italy made a secret treaty with each other. Through this they wanted to keep France isolated. In response, a counter-faction was formed, led by England, France and Russia.
• Militarism: Militarism was directly associated with various European factions. These secret treaties further increased suspicion and mistrust towards each other. After the French Revolution, the reunification of Germany-Italy, there was a need for military expansion.
• Role of newspapers: Through articles, disseminating propaganda about different countries gave rise to the hatred towards enemy countries in general public. Prior to this, the role of these newspapers in various revolutions was also extensive, and people believed in the messages spread by them.
• Immediate Cause: The assassination of Prince Ferdinand of Austria in the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, started the First World War.

Post-war peace efforts:

In this war, factions like Germany, Austria, Hungary and Turkey were defeated. The victorious countries organized a peace conference in Paris in 1919 to establish a post-war period. Under this, many types of treaties were made: -

• Treaty of Versailles: - This treaty was made with Germany. Under this, extensive changes were made in the regional, military and economic system. Its purpose was the pursuit of their interests by the Allies countries. Under this, the Alsace-Lorraine region was snatched from Germany and again given to France. Military capability was also limited. A limit was imposed on the maximum number of soldiers. The naval ships were confiscated. Financially Germany was held responsible for the compensation of war damages. This treaty was full of many discriminations which resulted in the Second World War.
• Other Treaties: - The Allies made the Treaty of St. Germain with Austria whose purpose was to disintegrate the empire. After this, countries like Hungary, Poland etc. got independence. In addition, the Treaty of Triano with Hungary, the Treaty of Niuli with Bulgaria and the Treaty of Sires with Turkey was made by allies.
• Establishment of League of Nations: Realizing the need for international peace and security after the war, League of nations was established.

Thus, due to imperialist interests, militarism, factionalism etc. of some nations, a European war turned into World War I. The result of which was very widespread, which affected the economic, geographical, political fields. After this war, peace efforts were made but could not be completely successful, which resulted in the Second World War.