SHIKHAR Mains 2023 Day 12 Model answer English

Q1: आर्थिक विकास एवं समावेशी विकास में अंतर स्पष्ट करते हुए समावेशी विकास के विभिन्न घटकों का उल्लेख कीजिये|

Explaining the difference between economic development and inclusive development, discuss the various components of inclusive development. 8 Marks

Approach  -

·       In introduction define economic development and inclusive development.

·       In the second part, establish the difference between them.

·       In conclusion, the relationship between the two can be discussed.

Answer:

                      Economic development is the efficient use of all productive resources by a country to increase its real income. It is a continuous or continuous process in which the supply of resources and the demand for a commodity keeps on changing from time to time. In economic development, the standard of living of the general public improves and welfare works are increased by the government. Economic development leads to increase in real national and per capita income.

          Inclusive Growth: Inclusive growth is development with equal opportunities. In other words, such development which not only creates new economic opportunities but also ensures equal access to the opportunities created for all sections of the society, we can call that development as inclusive development. It ensures the participation and contribution of all the members of the society. The basis of this process of development is equality. 

Difference between economic growth and inclusive development:

1.     Economic development is primarily aimed at the development of the people through economic growth. While inclusive growth also encourages the creation of opportunities for economic growth.

2.     Inclusive development targets all sections of the society. While economic development does not target specifically.

3.     Economic growth is the basis of economic development whereas the basis of inclusive development is equity.

4.     Economic development does not take into account the circumstances of the people whereas in inclusive development, the circumstances of the people are taken care of.

5.     Economic growth does not ensure inclusive growth.

6.     If economic growth generates income inequality, inclusive growth becomes rare.

7.     Inclusive development is essential for the sustainable development of a country.

Both are expected in a developing country like India. The sustainable development of the country can be ensured along with the welfare of the people by establishing economic development as inclusive growth.

Q2: भारत के संदर्भ में, बेरोजगारी के कारणों की चर्चा करते हुए इसे कम करने हेतु किये जा सकने वाले उपायों का उल्लेख कीजिये।   12 marks

In the context of India, while discussing the causes of unemployment, mention the measures that can be taken to reduce it.

Approach:

·       In introduction, define Unemployment. 

·       In the first part, discuss the causes of unemployment in India.

·       In the second part, explain the importance of removing unemployment, state the measures that can be taken to reduce unemployment in India.

·       In conclusion, briefly mention the government efforts.

Answer:

Unemployment is the state in which a person is ready to work at the prevailing wage, but in the absence of work, he remains without work. While computing unemployment, only those persons are included who are able to work, willing to work and willing to work at current wages. According to various factors, unemployment is divided into types like voluntary, involuntary, structural, disguised, seasonal, cyclical etc.

Unemployment in India and its causes-

According to a recent report by the National Sample Survey Organization and Employment Exchanges, unemployment has increased in India. A large part of our population is still deprived of employment and because of this is trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty. In this context, the following causes of unemployment in India can be counted -

·       The biggest reason for poverty in India is the huge population of India. Due to high public pressure, employment is not available to all the people.

·       A large part of our population is still dependent on agriculture. Agriculture is a means of subsistence, but due to the large part of the population dependent on it, it gives rise to disguised unemployment.

·       Disguised unemployment due to limited land and fragmentation of land.

·       Due to the backward method of agriculture, the availability of labor force relative to production is more, due to which better income is not generated from agriculture.

·       Due to the effect of modern technology, there has been a decline in cottage industries, due to which the population dependent on it is getting trapped in the vicious cycle of unemployment.

·       Due to the faulty education system, we are not able to prepare skilled and trained labor force for the industries. This is a major factor responsible for the increasing unemployment among the educated youth of India. Most of the graduates in India do not possess the practical qualifications required to find any modern employment.

·       Due to inadequate employment schemes, the educated class is deprived of employment.

·       Inadequate growth and low investment in the manufacturing sector limit the employment potential of the secondary sector.

·       Huge workforce associated with the informal sector due to lack of required education/skills;

·       Inadequate state support, legal complications and low infrastructural and financial incentives for small/cottage industries or small businesses.

·       Gender discrimination and regressive social norms that prevent women from taking/continuing employment.

·       Lack of proper implementation of government schemes/efforts/policies.

Measures that can be taken to reduce unemployment in India-

Due to unemployment, poverty and social inequality increase. Unemployment population is more likely to be involved in illegal and anti-social activities, which can pose serious threats to law and order. At the same time, the country's economy is also adversely affected due to the potential labor force being unproductive. Therefore, reducing unemployment is essential for social and economic empowerment and sustainable development. In this context, the following efforts can be made to remove unemployment in India-

·       Increased focus on labor intensive sectors;

·       reforms in the education system to deal with the problem of structural unemployment;

·       population control;

·       Extension of social services to remote areas so that the process of development can start even in backward areas;

·       self-employment promotion;

·       Promotion of small and cottage industries;

·       Correct implementation of rural development and employment generation schemes;

·       investment promotion measures in the manufacturing sector;

·       Greater emphasis on sectors like food-processing so as to strengthen the rural economy;

In this context, many policies have been brought by the government in various five year plans. Efforts are being made to identify and remove the root causes of unemployment through programs like MNREGA, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, Startup India, Standup India.